David S. A. Guttormsen

David S. A. Guttormsen

Professor
Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences
USN School of Business
Campus Drammen
+47 35 95 28 75
David S. A. Guttormsen is a Professor in Organisation and Management at the School of Business of the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN) and serves as Deputy Director of the university’s Strategic Research Area: ‘Democracy, Societal Organisation and Governance’ and as Elected Member of the USN School of Business’ Faculty Board. In addition, Dr. Guttormsen holds the position of Associate Editor of Journal of Global Mobility (AJG 2*) and editorial board member (International Journal of Qualitative Methods [NSD 2]; International Studies of Management and Organizations; European Journal of International Management; Human Resource Development International [AJG 2*]). Until 2025, he was the appointed Research Group Leader of ‘New Perspectives on Work-Life and Organisations’. Dr. Guttormsen’s research focuses on expatriate management and global mobility, cross-cultural management, global talent management, inclusion/exclusion as well as international companies in relation to the social Sustainable Development Goals and socioeconomic inequalities in Asia’s Global South in addition to qualitative methodology. He has carried out extensive qualitative fieldwork of expatriates, international managers, marginalised workers, and foreign policy-research experts in Brazil, Bulgaria, China (Mainland), Dubai, Egypt, Hong Kong SAR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Norway, Philippines, Serbia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and USA. His work has appeared in impactful and leading peer-reviewed journals, including Human Resource Management Journal (AJG 4**), Management International Review (AJG 3*), Journal of Business Ethics (AJG 3*, FT50), and International Journal of Human Resource Management (AJG 3*). Dr. Guttormsen was awarded a PhD in Politics and International Studies in 2014 from the University of Warwick (UK).

Responsibilities

Teaching

  • Course leader and lecturer: Change Management (ITM4202) [MSc Innovation and Technology Management], 2020–
  • Co-teaching: Master’s dissertation (EMM5501) [Executive Master of Management]
  • Co-teaching: Qualitative Research (QAR9000) [PhD in Management], 2023
  • Organisation and Management (ORL1000) [Bachelor of Economics and Management], 2021–
  • Delivering lectures: Leadership Development & Strategy (executive undergraduate students), 2021
  • Acting course leader and lecturer: International Management, 2021
  • Supervising master’s dissertations (various departments), 2020–
  • Supervising executive master’s dissertations (EMM5501), 2021–

Research Leadership and Projects

  • Appointed Research Group Leader: ‘New Perspectives on Work-Life and Organisations’ (https://www.usn.no/english/research/our-research-centres-and-groups/economy-management-and-politics/new-perspectives-on-work-life-and-organisations/)–USN School of Business, 2022–
  • Lead (ongoing): Strategic Research Priority internal funding grant, University of South-Eastern Norway. Topic: artificial intelligence and cross-cultural challenges in an inclusive multicultural workplace, 2024–2025
  • Lead (ongoing): a self-initiated field-study (Nordic companies, social sustainability/SDGs, socioeconomic inequalities, multisectoral partnership, Asia’s Global South) in collaboration with the Nordic Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines and the Philippines Norway Business Council, 2024–
  • Co-lead (ongoing): a quantitative survey-project regarding hybrid work and inclusion (collaborators from Aarhus University and Dresden University of Technology), 2024–
  • Project member (ongoing): research project on B Corporations and inclusion-exclusion strategies in international companies (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, and the USA), led by Prof. Lailani Alcantara (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan) (collaborators from Chulalongkorn University– Sasin School of Management, PwC / University of Tsukuba and Hitotsubashi University / IMD Business School, Seoul National University & Yonsei University, Hanyang University, and The Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research, Taiwan.
  • Project member (ongoing): Strategic Research Priority internal funding grant (accepted), University of South-Eastern Norway. Topic: sustainable innovation in the regional construction industry and ‘shock events’, 2024–2025
  • Project member (ongoing): ‘Empirical research on how institutional differences affect the relationship between social performance and strategy’, funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 2023-2025
  • Project member (ongoing): ‘Global talent inclusion and impact of inclusion on organizational performance and employee engagement’ (2020-2025), funded by the Center for Inclusive Leadership (APU) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [MEXT]), 2020-2025
  • Co-leading (ongoing): quantitative study within a Norwegian Multinational Company (regarding willingness to relocate and global mobility) (collaborators; Aarhus University and Dresden University of Technology), 2018–
  • Co-leading (ongoing): a multidisciplinary Big Data project (flow of expatriates and talent, career trajectory, wages, and industry growth) with the Bulgarian National Revenue Agency and the National Statistical Institute of the Republic of Bulgaria in addition to collaborators from XFi Centre for Finance and Investment and Department of Economics (University of Exeter Business School), Department of Economics (University of Guelph and University of Toronto), Aarhus University, University of Southampton, and School of Economics and Business (Hokkaido University), 2017–
  • Lead: qualitative field-study in collaboration with a Norwegian Multinational Enterprise (expatriation, global mobility, talent management and cross-cultural challenges in Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, China, Egypt, Myanmar, South Korea, and Norway), 2017–
  • External Research Faculty: Thammasat Business School (AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited), Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020–2025
  • Adjunct Researcher (and Executive Chair of Task Force)–10% position: Work Package 6 (budget: 4.2m over five years) of AFINO project for Responsible Research and Innovation in Norway funded by The Research Council of Norway, 2021–2022

Selected leadership roles and committees

  • Deputy Head of the university’s Strategic Research Area: ‘Democracy, Societal Organisation and Governance’ (https://www.usn.no/english/research/strategic-research-areas/democracy-social-organisation-and-governance/)
  • Country Representative 2024–2027 for Norway and thereby serving on the Country Representative Council of European Academy of Management (EURAM)
  • Appointed Member: the University’s Project Group on NOR-CAM (Agreement on Reforming Research Assessment) and CoARA (Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment), University of South-Eastern Norway, 2024–
  • Appointed member: Faculty Project Group on Internationalisation of academic staff and research environment, USN School of Business, 2022–
  • Appointed Member: Department Council (Department of Business, Strategy, and Political Sciences), 2022–
  • Appointed Member: Faculty Working Group on Strategic Priorities, USN School of Business, 2022
  • Member of Assessment Committees and recruitment (PhD fellows, new faculty)
  • Line-managing and mentoring research assistants, 2020–2022
  • Co-Organiser, departmental research seminar series, 2020–2021
  • Head of PhD Colloquium, 11th Scandinavian Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management, USN School of Business, Campus Kongsberg, Norway, 2023
  • Co-SIG Chair, Co-Track Chair, Co-Plenary Chair, Research Methods & Research Practice (RM&RP) Strategic Interest Group (SIG 12), European Academy of Management (EURAM), 2016–2022
  • Co-Programme Chair and lead applicant (symposium): ‘Transparency and Opaqueness: Nordic and Chinese Perspectives on the Ethics of Managing Innovative Organisations, Sustainability & Responsible Research’, Antibes, France (5-7 October 2022)–funded by the Nordic Centre, Fudan University (China)
  • Co-Programme Chair and organiser/co-applicant (symposium): ‘Managing Private and Public Organization in an Unsecure World’–funded by the Nordic Centre, Fudan University (China), 2019

Research Fellowship & Visitingship

  • Visiting Scholar, Thammasat Business School [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited], Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020
  • Visiting Scholar, Nordic Centre, Fudan University, China, 2019
  • Visiting Research Fellow, School of Management, Curtin Business School [AACSB, EQUIS accredited], Australia, 2019
  • Visiting Scholar, Graduate School of Commerce, Waseda Business School [EQUIS, AMBA accredited], Japan, 2018
  • Visiting Researcher, Center for International Studies, Seoul National University, South Korea, 2016
  • Visiting Professor, Helsinki Business School, Finland, 2016–2017
  • Visiting Researcher, Leeds University Business School [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited], UK, 2011–2017
  • Visiting Researcher, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway, 2011
  • Visiting Research Student, Hong Kong Baptist University [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited], Hong Kong, SAR China, 2008–2009

Doctoral Supervision & Examination

  • Main Supervisor: Mr. Hamza Siddique (topic; minority expatriates, inclusion/exclusion, hybrid work, Nordic region), 2022–2026
  • Main Supervisor: Mrs. Ivie Porto-Sørdal (topic; digital nomads, sustainability, consumer culture theory, Bourdieu’s cultural capital), 2023–2026
  • Co-Supervisor: Mr. Bryan Solorzano Bajana (topic; indigenous business and entrepreneurs, culture and Otherness, Ecuador), 2022–2025
  • Co-Supervisor: Mr. Dimitrios Polychronopoulos (topic; migrant entrepreneurs, support programmes, Europa)–Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, USN, 2023-2025
  • Opponent / External Examiner: Copenhagen Business School (Denmark), Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia), Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences (Denmark), University of Queensland Business School (Australia), Leicester Business School, De Montfort University (UK)

Editorial and editorial review board roles

  • Associate Editor of Journal of Global Mobility (AJG 2*)
  • Editorial Board Member (International Journal of Qualitative Methods [NSD 2]; International Studies of Management and Organizations; European Journal of International Management; Human Resource Development International (AJG 2*)

CV

Academic Employment:

2022–: Professor in Organisation and Management, USN School of Business, Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway (Drammen, Norway)

2020–2022: Associate Professor in Organisation and Management, USN School of Business

2021–2022: Adjunct Researcher (10% position), Department of Communication and Culture, BI Norwegian Business School [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

2020–2025: External Research Faculty, Thammasat Business School, Thammasat University (Thailand) [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

2014–2021: External Teaching Associate, Warwick Business School (United Kingdom) [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

2017–2020: Assistant Professor in International and Cross-Cultural Management, BI Norwegian Business School [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

2014–2017: Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in International Business, University of Exeter Business School (United Kingdom) [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

2012–2014: Lecturer in International Management, Coventry Business School (United Kingdom)

Education:

2014–2015: Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education Professional Practice, Coventry University (United Kingdom)

2009–2014: Doctor of Philosophy/PhD in Politics and International Studies, Department of Politics and International Studies, The University of Warwick (United Kingdom)

Title: ‘Constructing ‘China’: Culture and U.S. Think Tank Narratives–a Bourdieusian Investigation’

Main Supervisor: Prof. Stuart Croft (Warwick, UK)

Examiners: Prof. Lee Marsden (East Anglia, UK) and Prof. Nick Vaughan-Williams (Warwick, UK)

2007–2009: Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in International Business, Centre for International Business, University of Leeds (Leeds, UK) [AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA accredited]

Title: ‘International and Intercultural Experiences of Expatriates in Hong Kong: an Ethnography’

Supervisors: Dr Malcolm Chapman (Leeds, UK) and Prof. Anne Marie Francesco (Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China)

Examiners: Prof. Fiona Moore (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK) and Prof. Richard Thorpe (Leeds, UK)

2005: Master of Arts (MA) in International Relations, University of New South Wales (Australia)

2004: Graduate Certificate (GradCert) in International Relations, Curtin University of Technology (Australia)

2002–2004: Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) in Public Relations and Management, Curtin Business School (Australia) [AACSB, EQUIS accredited]

Publications

  1. Baruch, Y., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Gyoshev, S., Pavkov, T., & Plesca, M. (in-press 2025). Sub-sampling at the researcher’s peril: New insights into sampling strategy to avoid invalid findings. Human Resource Management Journal. DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.12602 [AJG 4**, ABDC: A*, Impact Factor: 5.4, SJR: Q1, FNEGE: 2, NSD: 2]
  2. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2025). Intra-MNE Talent Management and Global Mobility Impeded: The Role of Competition. In Sonia Taneja (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eighty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. Online ISSN: 2151-6561 [selected as “Best Paper”; 10% of the conference’s accepted papers]
  3. Jonasson, C., Lauring, J., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Hansen, E. G., Siddique, M. H., & Zhang, Y. (in-press 2025). ‘Leading expatriates in a digital world: Navigating the challenges of digital global leadership’. In M. Orel, M. Černe, & S. I. Wong (Eds.). Humanizing the Digital Workplace: Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership in the Age of Technology. Springer Nature. [NSD 1]
  4. Lauring, J., Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Saheem-Haak, W. (in-press 2025). The expatriate family context and career decisions: A triple interaction model? European Journal of International Management. [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 1.2, NSD: 1]
  5. Bausch, M., Barmeyer, C., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (in-press). An Outsider’s Insights from the Inside: Implications of Emic Concepts on Qualitative International Management Research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 19(4), 256-281. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-04-2024-2716 [AJG 1*, Impact Factor: 0.90, NSD: 1]
  6. Dimitrova, M., Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Shaffer, M. A. (2024). Guest editorial: Bridging disciplinary silos–cross-fertilization between global mobility and other fields. Journal of Global Mobility, 12(3), 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-09-2024-103 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 2.30, NSD: 1]
  7. Baruch, Y., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Gyoshev, S., Pavkov, T., & Plesca, M. (2023). Developing new understanding of how global talent flow impact individual and firm performance by using big data. Human Resource Management Journal. http://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12535 [AJG 4**, Impact Factor: 5.667, NSD: 2]
  8. Selmer, J., Shaffer, M., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Stoermer, S., Pinto, L. H., Chen, Y-P., & Lauring, J. (2023). Guest Editorial: ‘Replicate–Stop building card houses!’ Journal of Global Mobility, 11(3). [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 1.8, NSD: 1]
  9. Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Moore, F. (2023). ‘Thinking About How We Think’: Using Bourdieu’s Epistemic Reflexivity to Reduce Bias in International Business Research. Management International Review, 63(4), 531-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-023-00507-3 [AJG 3*, Impact Factor: 4.492, NSD: 1]
  10. Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Lauring, J. (2022). Unexplored themes in expatriate management: Inspirations from the New Mobilities paradigm. Journal of Global Mobility, 10(4), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-06-2022-0033 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 1.8, NSD: 1]
  11. Baruch, Y., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Gyoshev, S., Pavkov, T., & Plesca, M. (2022). Using Big Data to Identify Meaning and Reasons for Gender Pay Gap of Local vs. Global Workforce. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.11842abstract
  12. Alcantara, L. & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2022). The Co-existence of Inclusion and Exclusion Experiences among Foreign Employees. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.13722abstract  
  13. Alm, K., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2021). Enabling the Voices of Marginalized Groups of People in Theoretical Business Ethics Research. Journal of Business Ethics, 182, 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04973-3 [AJG 3*, FT 50, Impact Factor: 6.331, NSD: 2]
  14. Moulaï, K., Manning, S., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2021). Heeding the call from the promised land: Identity work of self-initiated expatriates before leaving home. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(20), 4088-4112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1948889 [AJG 3*, Impact Factor: 6.026, NSD: 1]
  15. Perkins, G., Gilmore, S., Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Taylor, S. (2021). Analyzing the impacts of universal basic income in the changing world of work: Challenges to the psychological contract and a future research agenda. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12348 [AJG 4**, Impact Factor: 5.667, NSD: 2]
  16. Guttormsen, D. S. A., Lauring, J., & Chapman, M. (Eds.). (2021). Field guide to intercultural research. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970129 [NSD 2]
  17. Guttormsen, D. S. A., Poljsak-Rosinski, P., Thein, H. H., Brkovic, K., Pavkov, T., & Gillan, M. (2021). Academic disciplines have cultures, too: Intercultural challenges during interdisciplinary fieldwork. In D. S. A. Guttormsen, J. Lauring, & M. Chapman (Eds.). Field guide to intercultural research (pp. 179–193). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970129.00023 [NSD 2]
  18. Jonasson, C., Lauring, J., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2021). ‘Inside-out’: Race, roles and relations in intercultural fieldwork. In D. S. A. Guttormsen, J. Lauring, & M. Chapman (Eds.). Field guide to intercultural research (pp. 217–229). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970129.00026 [NSD 2]
  19. Guttormsen, D. S. A., Lauring, J., & Chapman, M. (2021). Introduction: Following the researchers into the field. In D. S. A. Guttormsen, J. Lauring, & M. Chapman (Eds.). Field guide to intercultural research (pp. 1–13). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970129.00007 [NSD 2]
  20. Baruch, Y., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Gyoshev, S., Pavkov, T., & Plesca, M. (2021). Using Big Data to test labor market stability vs dynamism: what career path leads to better outcomes. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2021(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.14777abstract
  21. Raghav, S., Gibson, C., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Hajro, A., Lee, E. S., Vora, D. E., Zilinskaite, M., Fitzsimmons, S., Nguyen, D. C., Szkudlarek, B. A., Thein, H. H., & Thomas, D. C. (2020). Rethinking Migration and Multicultural Interactions: Implications for Work Outcomes. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2020(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.18657symposium
  22. Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Francesco, A. M. (2019). Status and success: Do lower status expatriates in multinational corporations experience different types of success? Journal of Global Mobility, 7(4), 364-380. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2019-0016 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 1.8, NSD: 1]
  23. Lauring, J., Guttormsen, D. S. A., & McNulty, Y. (2019). Adult third culture kids: Adjustment and personal development. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 26(3), 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-02-2019-0035 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 3.167, NSD: 1]
  24. Baruch, Y., Guttormsen, D. S. A., Gyoshev, S., Pavkov, T., & Plesca, M. (2019). Definitions Matter! When Big Data Takes on Biased Theory Building in International HRM Research. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2019(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.18646abstract
  25. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2018). Advancing otherness and othering of the cultural other during ‘intercultural encounters’ in cross-cultural management research. International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(3), 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2018.1480874 [AJG 2*, ABDC: B, SJG: Q2, NSD 1]
  26. Guttormsen, D. S. A., & Lauring, J. (2018). Fringe voices in cross-cultural management research: Silenced and neglected? International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(3), 314-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2018.1480465  [AJG 2*, NSD 1]
  27. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2018). Does the ‘non-traditional expatriate’ exist? A critical exploration of new expatriation categories. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 34(3), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2018.05.004 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 3.383, NSD: 1]
  28. Guttormsen, D. S. A., Francesco, A. M., & Chapman, M. (2018). Revisiting the expatriate failure concept: A qualitative study of Scandinavian expatriates in Hong Kong. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 34(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2018.03.005 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 3.383, NSD: 1]
  29. Lauring, J., Jonasson, C., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2018). Inclusive management in international organizations: How does it affect local and expatriate academics? Personnel Review, 47(2), 458-473. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2015-0323 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 3.228, NSD: 1]
  30. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2016). Introducing the expatriate ‘entry-mode’: A missing link in global mobility and expatriate management research. Human Resource Development International, 20(2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2016.1240288 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 6.3, NSD: 1]
  31. Zhang, L. E., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2016). Multiculturality’ as a key methodological challenge during in-depth interviewing in international business research. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(2), 232-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-07-2014-0084 [AJG 2*, Impact Factor: 3.167, NSD: 1]
  32. Fjellström, D., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2016). A critical exploration of ‘access’ in qualitative international business field research: Towards a concept of socio-cultural and multidimensional research practice. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 11(2), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-05-2014-1225 [AJG 1*, Impact Factor: 1.5, NSD: 1]
  33. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2015). Looking forward by looking back: A self/other perspective on intercultural expatriate research. In N. Holden, S. Michailova, & S. Tieze (Eds.). Routledge Companion to Cross-Cultural Management (pp. 344–354). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798706 [NSD 2]
  34. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2014). Constructing ‘China’: Culture and U.S. think tank narratives–a Bourdieusian investigation [Doctoral/PhD dissertation, The University of Warwick]. British Library – EthOS e-theses online service. ISNI: 0000 0004 5357 6687.
  35. Medina-Iborra, I., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2013). Visibility and activity: Foreign affairs think tanks in the United Kingdom. Political Perspectives, 7(1), 46-74. [url: https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/political-perspectives/home/journal/archive/] [NSD 1]
  36. Guttormsen, D. S. A., & van de Wetering, C. (2013). Non-state actors in world politics and international relations research—an introduction. Political Perspectives, 7(1), 1-5. [url: https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/political-perspectives/home/journal/archive/] [NSD 1]
  37. Lauring, J., & Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2010). Challenges of ethnicity in organizational interaction: The role of language use in expatriate management. In J. K. Crennan (Ed.). Ethnicity: Cultural roles, spiritual practices, and social challenges (pp. 137–159). Nova Science Publishers Inc.
  38. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2010). International and intercultural experiences of expatriates in Hong Kong: An ethnography [Unpublished 2-year MPhil thesis]. Centre for International Business, University of Leeds.
  39. Guttormsen, D. S. A. (2009). Institutions of Scandinavian expatriatism in Hong Kong: A dynamic perspective on interaction and adjustment. Working Paper Series (Issue 91). David C. Lam Institute for East–West Studies [url: https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/lewi_wp/6/].